Sensor technologies for detection of urine patches in livestock-grazed pastures

• Urine patches in grazed pastures are
  hotspots for nitrogen (N) losses through leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.

• A New Zealand designed ground-based sensing machine, Spikey®, can detect urine patches through spiked disks.

• The disks, acting as electrodes, measure the change in soil conductivity caused by urine deposition.